[هــنــا] القطع المطلوبه فــي اختبار English101

Abo Ali · ‏26 مايو 2012

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

القطعه الاولى

smoking and your health. Dr trisha macnair last medically reviewed this article in may 2011.
Smoking is a greater cause of death and disability than any single disease, says the world health organisation (who).
How does smoking affect health?
Cigarette smoke contains about 4,000 different chemicals which can damage the cells and systems of the human body. These include at least 80 chemicals that can cause cancer (including tar, arsenic, benzene, cadmium and formaldehyde) nicotine (a highly addictive chemical which hooks a smoker into their habit) and hundreds of other poisons such as cyanide, carbon monoxide and ammonia.
Every time a smoker inhales, these chemicals are drawn into the body where they interfere with cell function and cause problems ranging from cell death to genetic changes which lead to cancer.
This is why tobacco smoking is a known or probable cause of approximately 25 diseases. According to who figures, smoking is responsible for approximately five million deaths worldwide every year. However it also contributes to, or aggravates many other diseases and may play a part in many more deaths. Even the who says that its impact on world health isn’t fully assessed.
Who says smoking is a greater cause of death and disability than any single disease. By 2020, the who expects the worldwide death toll to reach 10 million, causing 17.7 per cent of all deaths in developed countries.
There are believed to be 1.1 billion smokers in the world, 800 million of them in developing countries.
Risk factors of smoking
people take up smoking for a variety of reasons. Young people are especially vulnerable because of pressure from their peers and the image that smoking is clever, cool or 'grown-up'. Just trying a few cigarettes can be enough to become addicted.
Many people say that smoking helps them to feel more relaxed or cope with stress but nicotine is a stimulant not a relaxant, so it doesn’t help stress. What people are describing is more likely to be relief from their craving or withdrawal symptoms.
Smoking damage
there are hundreds of examples and volumes of research showing how cigarette smoking damages the body. For example, uk studies show that smokers in their 30s and 40s are five times more likely to have a heart attack than non-smokers.
Smoking contributes to coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries) where the heart’s blood supply becomes narrowed or blocked, starving the heart muscle of vital nutrients and oxygen, resulting in a heart attack. As a result smokers have a greatly increased risk of needing complex and risky heart bypass surgery. Smoking also increases the risk of having a stroke, because of damage to the heart and arteries to the brain.
If you smoke for a lifetime, there is a 50 per cent chance that your eventual death will be smoking-related - half of all these deaths will be in middle age.
Smoking and lung problems
smoking does enormous damage to the lungs, especially because these tissues are in the direct firing line for the poisons in smoke. As a result there is a huge increase in the risk of lung cancer, which kills more than 20,000 people in the uk every year.
Us studies have shown that men who smoke increase their chances of dying from the disease by more than 22 times.
Women who smoke increase this risk by nearly 12 times.
Lung cancer is a difficult cancer to treat - long term survival rates are poor. Smoking also increases the risk of other cancers.
Even more common among smokers is a group of lung conditions called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or copd which encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema. These conditions cause progressive and irreversible lung damage, and make it increasingly difficult for a person to breathe.
Harm to children from smoking
smoking in pregnancy greatly increases the risk of miscarriage, is associated with lower birth weight babies, and inhibits child development. Smoking by parents following the birth is linked to sudden infant death syndrome, or cot death, and higher rates of infant respiratory illness, such as bronchitis, colds, and pneumonia.
Smoking and young people
smoking is particularly damaging in young people. Evidence shows people who start smoking in their youth - aged 11 to 15 - are three times more likely to die a premature death than someone who takes up smoking at the age of 20. They are also more likely to be hooked for life. Nicotine, an ingredient of tobacco, is highly addictive – it takes on average on about six cigarettes before nicotine receptors in the brain are switched on, generating a craving for nicotine which may continue for the rest of the persons life. In less than one packet of cigarettes, a person’s brain can be changed forever from that of a non-smoker to a nicotine addicted smoker. Although the health risks of smoking are cumulative, giving up can yield health benefits, regardless of the age of the patient, or the length of time they have been smoking.
If you join a proper smoking-cessation service, using all available help including medication and counselling, your chances of quitting may be as high as one in three (compared to just three per cent if you go it alone).
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Abo Ali · ‏26 مايو 2012

القطعه الثانية

القطعه الثانيه

sports injuries
dr gill jenkins
if you play a contact sport, regularly work out in the gym, or do any activity that places stress on your joints, the chances are you'll pick up an injury at some point.
Injury can affect your bones, muscles, joints or the connective tissues that hold them together - the tendons and ligaments. Most of the time the cause of your injury can be established and a recurrence prevented, so it needn't stop your fitness programme for long. But it's vital you don't ignore injuries and simply 'soldier on' as this can make them much worse and leave you with a chronic condition that's far harder to treat.
What causes injury?
One common cause of injury, especially in contact sports, is trauma – in other words, a broken bone, a twisted knee, a sprained ankle. Traumatic injuries are usually the result of impact and collisions, and typically occur suddenly, so generally there's not much you can do to prevent them (although in most games or sports one of the aims of the rules is to reduce the risk of injury, so following the rules should make you safer). But other injuries occur over time, and as a result of identifiable problems, and so are preventable in many cases. The risk factors that lead to injury are usually classified as being extrinsic (outside the body) or intrinsic (personal to your body).
Typical extrinsic factors include:
• excessive load on the body. The tissues of the body are capable of withstanding considerable stress: More than three times your weight can go through the body even when jogging slowly. But tissues that aren't accustomed to such forces won't have adapted to withstand them and are likely to be injured when they're applied. When deciding how often, how hard and for how long to exercise, you need to consider the impact on your muscles and joints. Build up gradually to avoid injury.
• poor technique. A number of so-called 'overuse injuries' are related to sports or exercise technique. Indeed, some injuries are even popularly named after their sport (for instance, tennis elbow). Often it's the repetition of an action with faulty technique that results in excessive load on tissues and subsequent injury.
• poor or inappropriate equipment, especially footwear and, in some sports, headgear. If your activity involves impact (things such as running and jumping) then wearing proper footwear that supports your feet and cushions your body from shock is vital. Your need for specialist footwear – or other sports equipment – may be determined in part by intrinsic factors such as 'over pronation' (see below).
• failure to warm up and warm down. Many of the body's tissues (particularly muscle) respond better to loading when they're warm. The warming-up process should include whole body exercise that increases blood flow to muscles and makes them more responsive. At the end of every training session, you should also warm down, bringing your body back down to normal, usually through low intensity activity, followed by flexibility exercises.
Intrinsic injury risk factors include things such as the shape and structure of the major joints. For example, feet that 'pronate' (roll inwards) or have a weak arch often contribute to lower leg, shin and knee conditions in runners, as do 'knock knees' (genu valgus) or 'bow legs' (genu varus).
Other injury risk factors include:
• leg length discrepancy
• muscle weakness or imbalance
• limited flexibility
• joint laxity - not being able to control and stabilise joints throughout their full range of motion
• being overweight - this increases the load on muscles, tendons, ligaments and joint structures during weight-bearing activities
what should i do if i get injured?
Obviously a serious trauma injury, such as a broken bone or ruptured ligaments, will require immediate medical attention, but most injuries are not so dramatic, and some may even respond simply to rest.
When you get injured, there is typically swelling, redness, tenderness and increased temperature. This inflammatory response is how the body tries to heal itself – it is the body's attempt to dispose of blood (from torn tissue) and damaged cells.
Excessive swelling (oedema) can interfere with the initial healing process, so it's important in the early first aid treatment of sports injury to help limit this swelling. The acronym nicer is a useful reminder:
• n = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, which reduce inflammation and swelling, and alleviate pain (remember to check the label for contraindications).
• i = ice, or cold therapy, since this decreases pain and limits the extent of the swelling. Ice should never be placed directly against the skin. The time for which a tissue should be cooled depends upon the site and severity of the injury.
• c = compression, usually in the form of a compression bandage. This mechanically limits the amount of swelling by restricting the amount of space in and around the injury.
• e = elevation. This also helps control swelling since fluid is drained more effectively from the injury.
• r = restricted activity. To allow the healing process to proceed, the injured area must be rested initially.
Who's the best person to treat my injury?
If your injury is minor – not much more than a little stiffness or soreness – it may be that you have simply been doing a little too much too soon and the affected area just needs rest.
However, there may be underlying reason for the soreness, extrinsic or intrinsic, and it never pays to ignore an injury, especially when it may be very easy to locate its cause.
Start with a sports physiotherapist if the problem seems to be related to sport, or you've had it before, or with your gp, who may then suggest you see one or more of various therapists. You could be referred for:
• physiotherapy - this covers a well-established group of treatments or techniques, frequently involving physical manipulation of the affected area. It's offered in hospitals, on the high street, in doctors' surgeries, and often in gyms and sports centres. Physiotherapy is a very broad term and many physiotherapists specialise in a particular area of the body, so you may need some guidance in choosing the right therapist for you. Physiotherapy is available on the nhs, but these days you usually have to wait weeks and months. If you can decide to see a physio privately, you can refer yourself directly.
• podiatry - podiatrists specialise in diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the foot and lower limb. They can provide relief of painful symptoms and also preventive care for people with conditions that may affect the health of their feet. A podiatrist might prescribe and manufacture orthoses - specialist insoles that can address problems like pronation by holding the foot in a stable position and preventing it rolling inwards. Podiatry is rarely offered on the nhs, so you'll probably have to pay to see a podiatrist privately.
• osteopathy - this is a complementary therapy that focuses on musculo-skeletal problems. It concentrates primarily on problems with muscles, joints and nerves and employs a range of physical and manual techniques. In the uk it's considered a complementary therapy, so access to osteopathy on the nhs is limited, but some osteopaths work alongside gps, and gps are permitted to refer patients to them. You can also go to see them privately without referral.
• chiropractic - chiropractors use physical manipulation to treat problems with joints, bones and muscles, and the effects they have on the nervous system. Chiropractors place particular emphasis on the spine, which is why they tend to be associated with treating bad backs. Like osteopathy, chiropractic is only available as an nhs treatment in some areas, depending on the policy of the local primary care trust, or you can see them privately without referral.
If you do go directly to a therapist outside the nhs, it's important to check they're a regulated practitioner, and whoever you see for treatment – on the nhs or not – needs to have skills relevant to your specific problem, which is why it's best to find someone based on reliable recommendation or, best of all, gp referral.
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المصدر : استاذي .

بالتوفيق يا شباب
لا اوصيكم بالتعاون , اللي عنده اي علم لا يبخل على اخوانه

BRAV3 · ‏26 مايو 2012

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته.

يعطيك العافية يا شنب ، و عسى الله يوفقك في الاختبار (=

مع السلامة.

mR.D7ooMe · ‏26 مايو 2012

احس انها قصيره مقارنه ب قطع الميدترم ؟؟ ولا هم كذا في الفاينل

imported_شارلوك_هولمز · ‏26 مايو 2012

^^
نعم أقصر !!

جزاك الله خير يا أخ عبدالعزيز

Bo5Bo5 · ‏26 مايو 2012

جزاك الله خير , الحمدلله قصير

واحد من الشباب قللي الترم الي فات قطع الفاينل أطول بمراحل

ISEngineer210 · ‏26 مايو 2012

مو الفهم قصيرة ولا طويلة ، علينا من المحتوى

الله يعين الجميع

Abo Ali · ‏26 مايو 2012

BRAV3
mR.D7ooMe
شارلوك_هولمز
Bo5Bo5
ISEngineer210

الله يعافيكم يا شباب
وموفقين في الاختبار وفالكم الفل مارك

sooonah · ‏27 مايو 2012

قصييييره كثير

اذكر السمستر اللي راح جابوا لنا " مجــــله " مو قطعه

الله يوفقكم

المنتديات

[هــنــا] القطع المطلوبه فــي اختبار English101

Abo Ali عضو

الملفات المرفقة:

Smoking and your Health-FULL TEXT0.doc

Sports Injuries -FULL TEXT.doc

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سؤال للي فاهمين في القطع الالكترونبة الدقيقة !

هــنــا الأعلان عـن فــتح ســـكاشـن جــديــدة

هــنــا بأذن الله <<حلول هوموركات ce203>>

هــنــا تــجــمـيع نوتــات عـربي 101 ias

ادخـــلــوا رجــــــاء فــي شــــي مـــهـــــــم !!!

وداعا لاحتكار محلات القطع الإلكترونية..أهلا ديجي كي

اصداء اختبار English101

خدمة صغيره فــي se 307 الله يجزاكم خيــر

أين يمكن أن أجد هذه القطع ؟

اين توجد محلات بيع مكونات القطع الالكترونية ؟

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[هــنــا] القطع المطلوبه فــي اختبار English101

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